Glenoid fracture classification. CT examination with 3D reformations of the glenoid fossa has improved insight into fracture morphology and fracture patterns and is very helpful for clinical decision makers. from publication: Glenoid fractures : A review of pathology, classification, treatment and results | Glenoid fractures Jun 13, 2024 · The Ideberg classification is a commonly used system to describe glenoid fractures 1. Jun 13, 2024 · There are limitations with the Ideberg classification of glenoid fossa fractures. Ideberg Classification: Focuses on glenoid fractures with various extensions. Furthermore, the literature is controversial regarding surgical indications and rationale for treatment. 1): Type I corresponds to the involvement of the articular surface, either of the anterior glenoid rim, which is the most frequent (Ia), or the posterior glenoid rim (Ib). The unfavorable scapular anatomy, combined with the complexity of the approaches for fracture fixation, make the treatment challenging, even for experienced surgeons. Ideberg-Goss type VI/AO F2 (4) glenoid fossa fractures are a rare and complex injury. [33] classified intraarticular fractures of the glenoid fossa (Table 1), and this method of classification has been modified over time to define further scapular fracture patterns [35]. However, the treatment of lower part of glenoid fractures through a Apr 1, 2013 · Background Fractures of the glenoid frequently require surgical treatment. Concerning radiographic findings of scapular tilt, progressive scapular notching and osteolysis were seen at a higher rate with medial fracture types and Mar 27, 2024 · Multiple classification systems have been described for intra-articular glenoid fractures including the Ideberg–Goss, Mayo and AO. Glenoid fossa incongruity is surprisingly well tolerated. In 2013 a new glenoid fracture classification was introduced by the AO. F0 = fracture of the articular segment, not Type 1: Avulsion fracture of the anterior margin Type 2a: Transverse fracture through the glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly Type 2b: Oblique fracture through the glenoid fossa inferiorly Type 3: Oblique fracture through the glenoid fracture through the glenoid exiting superiorly; often associated with an acromioclavicular (AC) joint injury Mar 30, 2016 · Conclusion The proposed classification of glenoid fractures defines five basic types of fractures verified by 3D CT reconstructions and intra-operative findings. These fractures are simple anterior, partial articular fractures of the glenoid rim or fossa. Glenoid fractures: a review of pathology, classification, treatment and results. 33-2). [1] presented a series of 338 scapular fractures with special reference to 100 intra-articular glenoid fractures. Aug 2, 2022 · Scapular fractures account for 1% of all fractures, with 10% of these involving the glenoid. Glenoid fractures account for 10% of scapular fractures and can lead to significant shoulder instability; understanding the injury aids in treatment decisions. Any scapular fracture involving the glenoid should be scrutinized carefully for a surgical treatment option. Management Mar 1, 2022 · The AO/OTA classification is most suitable to categorize intra-articular scapula fractures with glenoid involvement, whereas the classification system of Euler and Rüedi appears to be superior in extra-articular injury patterns with fractures involving only the scapula body, spine, acromion and coracoid process. Mar 1, 2014 · Glenoid fractures are rare, and relatively little is known about their mechanism, fracture pattern and optimal treatment strategies. DOI: 10. Aug 28, 2024 · Purpose Scapular glenoid fractures, categorized based on the Ideberg classification, are commonly addressed surgically through approaches like the anterior deltoid-pectoral approach, posterior Judet approach, modified Judet approach, or posterior axillary approach. There are a number of classification systems for glenoid fractures. Oct 18, 2024 · Background Due to its deep position and complex surrounding anatomy, the scapular glenoid fracture was relatively difficult to deal with especially in cases of severe fracture displacement. May 21, 2023 · Classification intra-articular glenoid fracture type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury Jul 11, 2023 · Glenoid fractures represent approximately 10–20% of scapula fractures, and relatively, little is known about their mechanism, fracture pattern, and optimal treatment strategies. The Ideberg classification is a classification for scapula fractures involving the glenoid articular surface (Fig. Within the glenoid fractures, 75–85% are anterior avulsion or Sep 2, 2025 · Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability, also referred to as TUBS (Traumatic Unilateral dislocations with a Bankart lesion requiring Surgery), are traumatic shoulder injuries that generally occur as a result of an anterior force to the shoulder while its abducted and externally rotated and may lead to recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Jul 16, 2025 · Isolated acromial fractures occur rarely and account for ~10% of all scapular fractures 3,12, which in turn comprise only about 3% of all shoulder fractures 1,2. Jan 1, 2015 · The classification developed by Mayo et al. The glenoid forms the socket of the shoulder joint. In terms of the Ideberg classification of scapular glenoid fractures, 36 patients with Ideberg Types I and II scapular glenoid fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Unstable glenoid fractures usually need surgery to realign the joint. 22 Type 1b fractures are fractures of the Nov 22, 2024 · The Walch classification of glenoid morphology is used to stratify the outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty for varying pathologic glenoid types as well as assisting in preoperative planning to recognize morphologies that may pose intraoperative dif Jun 21, 2025 · Ideberg type III scapular glenoid fracture associated with acromioclavicular joint injury is rare, as well as its therapeutic experience. - Type IV- Transverse, through body Jul 24, 2025 · The treatment of anterior glenoid fractures, which are classified as Ideberg type Ia according to the most commonly used classification system, is still debated. With the development of research, a series of surgical approaches and methods were performed, such as anterior approach, traditional Judet approach, modified Glenoid fractures are relatively uncommon, and are often associated with dislocation. Walch and coauthors have proposed the addition of Types B0, B3, and D [3, 5, 6] (Fig. Ideberg classification of glenoid fractures has five basic types. Sep 10, 2025 · A glenoid fracture is an uncommon injury involving the socket of the shoulder joint, caused by high-impact injuries. For anterior glenoid rim fractures with a fracture fragment of >5 mm 9, 10 or with fragment displacement of >5 mm 11, 12, surgical reduction and fixation is often suggested. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:620-623. Conversely, the treatment of Ideberg type-IB fractures, which predominantly occur in patients between 30 and 59 years old, remains controversial. from publication: Injury Mechanism of Acute Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Associated with Glenoid and Greater Tuberosity May 15, 2025 · Proximal humerus fractures are common fractures often seen in older patients with osteoporotic bone following a ground-level fall on an outstretched arm. The purpose of this study is to utilize pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scans to better understand the glenoid anatomy of those patients undergoing rTSA due to fracture Aug 4, 2023 · Point of Care - Clinical decision support for Glenoid Fractures. The avulsions and rim fractures are strongly associated with anterior shoul-der dislocations. Mar 12, 2015 · The size of Hill-Sachs and reverse Hill-Sachs lesions is also an important predictor of stability. e. Although some advocate non-operative management, grossly displaced glenoid fossa fractures in the young High-energy trauma is the most common cause, and for this reason scapular fractures are frequently associated with other acute injuries (4 - 7). 8 In 2013, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO)/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) International Scapula Glenoid fractures are rare, and relatively little is known about their mechanism, fracture pattern and optimal treatment strategies. Types of Glenoid Bone Defects The standard glenoid wear pattern in osteoarthritis has been described by Walch [5, 6]. Jul 15, 2025 · Introduction Glenoid morphology in patients undergoing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) due to arthritis has been previously studied; however, it has not been as thoroughly evaluated in fracture populations. CT-scanning can be very useful in CoreCurriculumV5 Epidemiology • Uncommon ~1% of all fractures and 3% of peri- shoulder injuries • 50% Scapular Body & Spine • 25% Glenoid Neck • 10% Glenoid Cavity • 7% Acromial • 7% Coracoid • Likely uncommon due to: • Scapular mobility • Significant protection from thoracic cavity and musculature CoreCurriculumV5 Injury A 13-year-old male was diagnosed with a glenoid fracture following direct shoulder trauma, for which surgical treatment was considered. Apr 1, 2013 · Fractures of the glenoid frequently require surgical treatment. The former is based on a retrospective experience of 116 scapulae, for which nomenclature was developed for fractures of each scapula process (acromion and coracoid), three types of neck fractures, as well as the glenoid and body. The result was satisfactory in accordance with 92 points by Constant-Murley score. Glenoid fractures are uncommon shoulder fractures but are important to recognize as they are often associated with concomitant injuries to the head, brachial ple Examples of glenoid fractures and in combination with the scapular body and neck An orthopaedic surgeon with 10 years of experience, a consultant radiologist with 9 years of experience, and a 4th-year medical student who was trained for two months prior to the study, evaluated 84 cases of glenoid fractures three times during a 9-week interval using the classification systems by Ideberg, Euler Jun 21, 2024 · Glenoid fractures represent 10–20% of scapular fractures, which are rare and account for 3–5% of shoulder fractures and less than 1% of all fractures [1, 2, 3]. Nov 15, 2020 · Treatment of glenoid rim fractures is dictated by the size and displacement of the fracture fragment and may be nonsurgical or surgical with either open and arthroscopic techniques. A consensus is beginning to emerge about the indications for fixation of fractures involving the glenoid fossa of the scapula. 12). Scapula Fracture (Shoulder Blade Fracture): Scapular fracture is the fracture of scapula which is rare and is often caused by direct trauma from the back or side. Nov 22, 2024 · The Walch classification of glenoid morphology is used to stratify the outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty for varying pathologic glenoid types as well as assisting in preoperative planning to recognize morphologies that may pose intraoperative dif Jul 3, 2024 · The Ideberg-Goss fracture classification types II, III, and IV are intra-articular fractures and will present with a concomitant fracture line extension through the scapular neck, or complete body on type IV glenoid fractures. F0 = fracture of the articular segment, not Mar 27, 2018 · The new AO classification system introduced 2013 facilitates reliable grading of glenoid fossa fractures with high inter- and intraobserver reliability in 84 patients using CT images. (Fig. Fossa fractures are mostly seen in high energy trauma patients as direct impact of the humeral head against the glenoid Mar 27, 2018 · The glenoid fracture classification by Ideberg (1984) and Euler (1996) is still commonly used in literature. Glenoid fractures are rare, and relatively little is known about their mechanism, fracture pattern and optimal treatment strategies. The present review article was designed to Download Table | Ideberg classification of glenoid fossa fractures from publication: Intra- and interobserver reliability of glenoid fracture classifications by Ideberg, Euler and AO | Background Mar 1, 2014 · Glenoid fractures are rare, and relatively little is known about their mechanism, fracture pattern and optimal treatment strategies. May 11, 2025 · Glenohumeral arthritis, or Shoulder Arthritis, is a degenerative joint disease of the shoulder characterized by damage to the articular surfaces of the humeral head and/or glenoid. Scapula Fractures Rare but dangerous Classification Zdravkovic and Damholt Classification (Anatomic): Type I: Scapular body fractures. The glenoid can be fractured (broken) through injury and is usually associated with a significant trauma. Jul 11, 2020 · Video Description -Glenoid and scapular fractures are one of the rarest farctures in upper limb. Glenoid rim fractures often lead to chronic shoulder instability. Out of this series emerged the Ideberg classification, which involved a five-type classification system. However, this classification is insufficient when describing bone loss in more complex cases such as fracture or revision surgery. Acromion Mar 27, 2018 · The glenoid fracture classification by Ideberg (1984) and Euler (1996) is still commonly used in literature. Download scientific diagram | Ideberg classification of glenoid fractures. Jun 16, 2020 · The prevalence of anterior glenoid rim fractures has been reported from 22% of patients after first-time anterior shoulder dislocation and up to 73% of patients in recurrent instability. 8,11 Goss expanded on this and described the rare type VI, defined as severely comminuted (Fig. from publication: Osteosynthesis of Ideberg type III glenoid fracture with retroclavicular cannulated percutaneous screw Understanding the location and magnitude of glenoid bone loss is extremely important at the time of both primary and revision shoulder arthroplasty. If the injury is accompanied by a displaced clavicle fracture, an unstable segment may exist, including the glenoid, acromion, and lateral clavicle. Glenoid fractures most often occur when there is significant trauma to the shoulder, or because of high-energy sports injuries. 8,11 Goss expanded on this and described the rare type VI, defined as severely comminuted (Fig. This reduction may be by inferior displacement of the acromion or by an association with a superiorly displaced glenoid neck fracture from publication: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adultes Abstract Fractures of the coracoid process are relatively rare, and current management guidelines remain unclear. 22 In the Ideberg classification, glenoid fractures are grouped into 6 types. The terminology and factors which influence the classification are essential for the utility of radiology reports of proximal humeral fractures. CFs, coracoid fractures. These fractures may be managed operatively if substantially displaced. Type I fractures involve either the anterior (Ia) or posterior (Ib) glenoid rim. A comprehensive and reliable scapula classification system involving the glenoid fracture patterns is needed to describe the underlying pathology. 15. Therefore, we propose an approach for May 9, 2017 · Fractures of the scapula rarely occur and account for approximately 0. 11 Briefly, the development process involved the expert group SCCG and a series of classification definitions and illustrations. The paper emphasizes the importance of modern surgical techniques and highlights current classification systems, making a case for the management of Background: Fractures of the glenoid frequently require surgical treatment. Jan 1, 2022 · The 2018 AO/OTA Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium continues to refine its scapula classification, dividing the scapula into three basic segments: processes, body, and glenoid fossa. Nov 2, 2024 · Including the 6th type added as a modification by Goss Type I: Avulsion fracture Anterior / Posterior rim avulsion fracture Type II: Fracture through the Glenoid fossa with displacement of t… In 1991, Ada and Miller described a new type of scapular neck fracture. € Background: Fractures of the glenoid frequently require surgical treatment. Classification of non-displaced fractures of the scapula with a stable shoulder girdle (Type A injuries). , fracture of the anatomical neck, fracture of the surgical neck and trans-spinous neck fracture. May 21, 2023 · Classification intra-articular glenoid fracture type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury Mar 2, 2025 · Methods The trans-axillary approach is the surgical method of exposing a glenoid fracture along the anterior edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle through an axillary incision. Inferior scapular glenoid fracture was Ideberg type II Jun 17, 2016 · Glenoid hypoplasia, or scapular neck dysplasia, is an unusual abnormality that may resemble glenoid impaction and may be associated with humeral head or acromial abnormalities. Although there is little evidence supporting surgical management, it is often preferred over non-operative treatment. The classification groups are related to the fragmented articular surface area and the number of fragments. Fossa fractures are mostly seen in high energy trauma patients as direct impact of the humeral head against the glenoid Oct 1, 2020 · The authors describe how advanced imaging techniques are used for preoperative evaluation of the shoulder and discuss how to measure glenoid version and bone stock and classify glenoid morphology types on the basis of Walch classification, as these parameters are commonly used in surgical planning. Type III: Fractures of the superolateral angle (scapular neck and glenoid). Glenoid rim fractures are most commonly seen in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations resulting in the avulsion of the capsulo-labral-ligament complex. 5. Arthroscopic procedures are highly challenging with respect to both fracture reduction and screw osteosynthesis. These fractures are multifragmentary anterior, partial articular fractures of the glenoid rim or fossa. Goss modified type V Aug 4, 2023 · There have been several glenoid fracture classifications based on the mechanism of injury, location of the fracture, and specific fracture pattern following injury. Fractures of the surgical neck are divided into stable, fractures with rotational instability and fully unstable fractures, depending on the integrity of the coracocacromial and coracoclavicular ligaments Oct 4, 2022 · Scapula fractures typically result from high energy trauma and are often associated with other injuries. There are three types of glenoid CLASSIFICATION Classification of scapular fractures have evolved over time, however, there is no generally accepted standard classification. The fracture is assessed through the anterosuperior portal, and the fragment is mobilized. If untreated, displaced glenoid fractures may lead to persistent pain, malunion, development of early glenohumeral osteoarthritis, and chronic shoulder instability. Conclusion: Fractures of the entire glenoid fossa are the most severe injuries to scapula. Jan 30, 2025 · Surgical management is indicated for intra-articular fractures, displaced scapular body/neck fractures, open fractures, and those associated with glenohumeral instability. Traumatic glenoid injuries Glenoid cavity fractures are classified based upon location and degree of comminution (Ideberg classification). [7]. The Hardegger classification is similar but names two types of glenoid and two types of neck fractures. Key words: scapular fractures glenoid fractures classification, operative treatment Judet approach. Also, the mechanism of injury is re … Mar 23, 2015 · Ideberg et al. Apr 11, 2025 · Coracoid process fractures are an uncommon type of scapular fracture. About 10% of these fractures include the glenoid, and the same amount is substantially displaced. The Ideberg classification system for intraarticular fractures of the glenoid fossa, combined with information on instability and joint incongruity, helps determine the need for surgical fixation of glenoid fossa fractures. [3] [4] Scapular fracture represents less than 1% in prevalence among all other broken bones and 3% to 5% of all shoulder girdle fractures. Specifically, fracture types discussed include scapular body, glenoid fossa, glenoid rim, coracoid, Feb 1, 2014 · The proposal for a focused system of scapula body fractures was made in a manner similar to that for a recently developed comprehensive classification system for glenoid fossa fractures as outlined by Jaeger et al. Transverse or oblique fracture through the glenoid with the inferior glenoid as a free fragment. The glenoid can be fractured (broken) through injury and is usually associated with a significant trauma If the bones are in appropriate alignment (position), the initial treatment consists of ice and medications to help relieve pain Jan 23, 2024 · Grade / classification system: Several classification systems exist for glenoid fractures. Download scientific diagram | Ideberg classification, modified by Goss. Displaced fractures are indicated for operative treatment from the Judet approach. While nonoperative treatment is generally recommended for nondisplaced fractures, treatment of displaced fractures remains controversial. The same cannot be firmly said for extra-articular fractures of the blade or the processes of the scapula, with a good Jan 1, 2014 · Glenoid Neck Fractures Fractures of the Glenoid neck may be caused by impactation of the humeral head against the Glenoid process or a blow over the anterior or posterior aspect of the shoulder, fall on the outstretched arm, when the humeral had is impacted against the glenoid process or in rare cases by fall on the superior aspect of the shoulder complex [52]. Download Table | Euler and Rüedi classification for scapular fractures from publication: Intra- and interobserver reliability of glenoid fracture classifications by Ideberg, Euler and AO The 2018 revision of the AO/OTA Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium for adults and children addresses the many suggestions to improve the application of the system, as well as add recently published and validated classifications. 1%. Unstable glenoid neck fractures need surgical treatment and stable fractures can be treated conservatively. The combination of proximal humerus fractures (PHF) and large anterior glenoid rim fractures (GRF) represents a rare injury pattern referred to as glenohumeral combination fractures (GCF) (Fig. CT Mar 14, 2021 · Glenoid fractures are rare, and relatively little is known about their mechanism, fracture pattern and optimal treatment strategies. There have been several glenoid fracture classifications based on the mechanism of injury, location of the fracture, and specific fracture pattern following injury. The Ideberg–Goss classification (Ideberg et al, 1995) is the most well established and includes six fracture types of the glenoid rim and fossa. The primary null hypothesis was that surface area and degree of fragmentation do not differ among the different fracture types. - "The AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) scapula fracture classification system: focus on glenoid fossa involvement. Feb 1, 2016 · Quantitative 3-dimensional CT analysis confirms that the current AO/OTA classification adequately characterizes and discriminates glenoid fracture patterns. The Walch classification has been modified and expanded to more precisely categorize gle-noid wear patterns in order to help guide surgi-cal treatment and predict outcomes. Imaging was reviewed by Fig. Abstract With the exception of displaced articular glenoid fractures, management of scapular fractures has largely consisted of benign neglect, with an emphasis on motion as allowed by the patient’s pain. It is based on evaluation of 338 glenoid fractures and was published in 1995. The etiology of glenoid bone loss Jun 28, 2021 · A consensus is beginning to emerge about the indications for fixation of fractures involving the glenoid fossa of the scapula. Extra-articular scapular fractures are often not treated surgically while internal fixation is required for displaced intra-articular fractures of the glenoid particularly when the step off is greater than 5 mm for risk of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. This typically occurs in high energy trauma such as a motor vehicle and is associated with other injuries like rib fractures and other thoracic injuries. Glenohumeral joint fractures, commonly known as shoulder socket fractures, occur when either the rim or the center of the socket fracture. In our hospital, 93 pa … Figure 1 Fractures of the articular segment. Treatment and management. 80% to 95% of all scapular fractures are accompanied by other injuries like fractures of May 1, 2017 · The AO classification of glenoid fractures is widely used. The “Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen” (AO) Foundation and the Orthopedic Trauma Association (OTA) described a different classification for glenoid fractures, including five types, three of which referred to glenoid fossa fractures [61] (Figure 2). 2012, Jaeger et al. The Ideberg classification is the most widely used: Ideberg: V Classification of bony Bankart lesions according to Bigliani et al. Apr 30, 2024 · The most commonly used classification scheme concerning glenoid fractures is the one devised by Ideberg et al. Nov 1, 2023 · Fractures of the scapula are not common in occurrence. The glenoid fracture classification by Ideberg (1984) and Euler (1996) is still commonly used in literature. The two most common fracture patterns are: Glenoid Lip Fractures: Glenoid lip fractures occur when there is a shoulder dislocation or shoulder subluxation, and the ball comes out of the socket. Majority of scapular fractures are amenable for conservative treatment; May 11, 2021 · (B) Eyres' anatomical classification classifies CFs into 5 types: type I, tip or epiphyseal fracture; type II, mid-process fracture; type III, basal fracture; type IV, involvement of the superior body of the scapula involved; type V, extension into the glenoid fossa (modified from Ogawa et al62 and Eyres et al18 ). Improper treatment may lead to failure of internal fixation and poor fracture reduction, severely affecting the function of the shoulder joint. Fractures of the scapula represent 0. Mechanism Acromial fractures may be traumatic secondary to a direct lateral forc Aug 4, 2023 · There have been several glenoid fracture classifications based on the mechanism of injury, location of the fracture, and specific fracture pattern following injury. However, these methods present limitations in exposing the superior part of the glenoid. Upper Extremity Ideberg Classification of Scapular Fractures The AO classification of glenoid fractures is widely used. Type III: Oblique fracture through the glenoid exiting superiorly; often associated with an acromioclavicular joint injury. The same cannot be firmly said for extra-articular fractures of the blade or the processes of the scapula, with a good deal of reliance on expert opinion from high-volume centres. Most coracoid fractures occur in conjunction with other shoulder injuries, including dislocations and fractures. 1, 5 Our patient’s fracture was classified as type II glenoid fossa fracture with inferior neck extension (Image 1). Their diagnosis requires CT examination, including 3D CT reconstruction with subtraction of the surrounding bones. Classification is helpful in deciding the surgical tactic. Internal fixation of the clavicular fracture generally results in adequate stabilization for healing of the glenoid fracture. Glenoid morphology in OA: Walch classification OA with massive rotator cuff tears: Favard classification Cuff Tear Arthropathy: Seebauer Classification Cuff Tear Arthropathy: Hamada Classification Glenoid erosion in cuff tear arthropathy: Sirveaux Classification Dislocation arthropathy of the shoulder: Samilson & Jun 21, 2025 · Ideberg type III scapular glenoid fracture associated with acromioclavicular joint injury is rare, as well as its therapeutic experience. The purpose of this review was to discuss the current evidence on glenoid fractures regarding diagnosis, classification, management, and outcomes. 190057 Scapular fractures account for 1% of all fractures, with 10% of these involving the glenoid. 8 Glenoid fossa fractures (GFF) were first classified by Ideberg into 5 types. e senior authors GFH and JMI and an attending musculoskeletal radiologist for each of these patients and twenty-five were found to have undergone internal fixation for displaced intra-articular glenoid fractures. Jul 3, 2024 · The goals of a classification system are to stratify patients according to injury patterns, orientate treatment decision-making, and predict prognosis. Non-displaced fractures of the glenoid are classified as A1 injuries with two subtypes (A1 . Ideberg et al. Surgery is recommended when 20% or more of the anterior glenoid fossa is involved. References van Oostveen DP, Temmerman OP, Burger BJ et-al. Type 1: Glenoid rim fractures A- anterior rim B- Posterior rim Type 2: Glenoid fracture exits at lateral border of scapula Type 3: Glenoid fracture exits at superior border The former is based on a retrospective experience of 116 scapulae, for which nomenclature was developed for fractures of each scapula process (acromion and coracoid), three types of neck fractures, as well as the glenoid and body. 2014;80 (1): 88-98. Aug 6, 2024 · The glenoid fracture size was small in 9 cases and medium in 11, based on the Kim classification [9]. Scapula fracture classification Fractures involving the glenoid cavity may be classified into the following types (see Figure 5 below): Type IA – Anterior rim fracture Type IB – Posterior rim fracture Type II – Fracture line through the glenoid fossa exiting at the lateral border of the scapula Type III – Fracture line through the glenoid fossa exiting at the superior border of the Aug 21, 2015 · Ideberg et al. This study measures the characteristics of glenoid fractures to determine if the AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification captures the most common fracture patterns. The Ideberg–Goss classification of glenoid fractures [14]. Treatment of glenoid rim fractures is dictated by the size and displacement of the fracture fragment and may be nonsurgical or surgical with either open and arthroscopic techniques. " Scapular neck fractures Ada and Miller (Clin Orth, 1991) 16 patients with displaced and glenoid neck fractures treated closed, 40% had weakness of abduction, 50% had subacromial and night pain, and 20% had decreased range of motion. F0 = fracture of the articular segment, not involving the glenoid fossa; F1 = simple glenoid fossa fractures; and F2 = multi-fragmentary glenoid fossa fractures. 3). This study aimed to evaluate the Ideberg Classification of Scapular Fractures Home UW Emergency Radiology Trauma Radiology Reference Resource 09. The avulsions and rim fractures are strongly associated with Fractures of the glenoid frequently require surgical treatment. CT-scanning can be very useful in Oct 15, 2020 · Briefly, the classification breaks fractures into glenoid rim fractures (type I) and glenoid fossa fracture with increasing degrees of scapular neck and body involvement (types II–VI) as outlined in Table 1. Direct force may cause fractures in all regions of the scapula, while indirect force via impaction of the humeral head into the glenoid fossa can cause both glenoid and scapular neck fractures. 1. Methods: The trans-axillary approach is the surgical method of exposing a glenoid fracture along the anterior edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle through an axillary incision. Apr 26, 2024 · The most commonly used classification system is that of Ideberg (modified by Goss), which includes five glenoid fossa fracture types according to the location, extension, and complexity of the lesion. The fracture was treated with open reduction and transcoracoid internal fixation by cancellous cannulated screw system, with a follow-up of 3 months. It respects the anatomical architecture of scapula, fracture mechanism, associated injuries to the shoulder girdle and, where appropriate, the prefer … Mar 27, 2018 · The glenoid fracture classification by Ideberg (1984) and Euler (1996) is still commonly used in literature. It is performed with the patient placed in lateral decubitus position. Materials and methods: An Aug 21, 2015 · Ideberg et al. Euler and Habermeyer Classification: Categorizes fractures based on their location and severity. Fossa fractures are mostly seen in high energy trauma patients as direct impact of the humeral head against the glenoid fossa. 4). Some people may recover with immobilization alone, followed by physical therapy. May 21, 2023 · Classification intra-articular glenoid fracture type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury Aug 4, 2023 · The glenoid fossa fractures are often associated with other injuries and are the result of blunt trauma or high-velocity sporting injuries where the humeral head forcefully abuts the glenoid fossa. The B0 glenoid is defined by static posterior subluxation of the humeral head before the development of poste-rior bone erosion of Nov 7, 2014 · However, the classification of scapula fractures described by Euler and Ruedi [6] as well as the Ideberg classification of glenoid fractures [7] do not systematically include concomitant injuries of the shoulder girdle. Osteosynthesis aims to reduce and fix the fracture with restoration of the joint surface. Throughout literature a number of glenoid classification systems have been described but lack clear correlation with the fracture patterns found in clinical cases. Type IIB: Oblique fracture through the glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly. In rim fractures with displacement <5mm, short duration immobilization with radiographic Abstract Throughout literature a number of glenoid classification systems have been described but lack clear correlation with the fracture patterns found in clinical cases. Open surgery requires an extensive surgical approach. It is generally associated with high-energy injuries; therefore, other concomitant life-or-limb threatening injuries take precedence. It should possibly be applied in order to enable a valid, reliable and consistent academic description of glenoid fo … Jun 30, 2024 · Glenoid neck fractures: These generally may be treated symptomatically, with early range-of-motion exercises. 1 Ideberg classification of glenoid fractures into five types, with comminuted type VI of Goss added. Dec 11, 2024 · Shoulder Periprosthetic Fractures are intraoperative or postoperative complications associated with shoulder arthroplasty that can lead to loosening and migration of the prosthesis. Secondarily, we tested if there was a relationship between high- vs Mar 21, 2019 · We describe an arthroscopic technique for the management of glenoid rim fractures. Jul 19, 2024 · Learn about glenoid fractures, their implications on shoulder function, and the critical steps needed for effective treatment and rehabilitation. 8This bone with its muscle attachments is responsible for ensuring the functional positioning of the upper extremity. Acta Orthop Belg. These fractures are associated with failures after arthroscopic Bankart repairs. Nov 18, 2014 · In 1995 Ideberg et al. It was a transverse fracture of the scapular body passing from the inferior border of the glenoid to the medial border of Jun 9, 2020 · Background Large, displaced anterior glenoid rim fractures after primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation are usually managed by surgical stabilization. I avulsion fracture with attached capsule, II medially displaced fragment malunited to the glenoid rim, III erosion of the The scapula represents a unique and unusual bone consisting of an articular component, the glenoid, and a body component used for attachment of the shoulder girdle muscles. 1). (B) Eyres' anatomical classification classifies CFs into 5 types: type I, tip or epiphyseal fracture; type II, mid-process fracture; type III, basal fracture; type IV, involvement of the superior body of the scapula involved; type V, extension into the glenoid fossa (modified from Ogawa et al 62 and Eyres et al 18). Type II: Apophyseal fractures (acromion and coracoid). One widely used scheme is the Ideberg classification, which includes 6 general fracture types: We describe the results after open reduction and internal fixation of 22 consecutive displaced fractures of the glenoid with a mean follow-up of ten years. Fossa fractures are mostly seen in high energy trauma patients as direct impact of the humeral head against the glenoid Conversely, the treatment of Ideberg type-IB fractures, which predominantly occur in patients between 30 and 59 years old, remains controversial. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev Jun 13, 2024 · The Ideberg classification is a commonly used system to describe glenoid fractures 1. CT-scanning can be very useful in Glenoid fractures, although rare, can significantly impact shoulder stability and function, often resulting from high-energy trauma or low-impact falls in the elderly. The fracture type is based on the location of the fracture in relation to the implant as follows: Apophysis adjacent implant with no effect on implant stability—Type A Tuberosities of the humerus Epicondyles or olecranon of distal humerus Trochanters and epicondyles of femur Spines of the pelvis A Scapula Fracture, or shoulder blade fracture, refers to a break of the scapula. It has low-to-moderate inter- and intra-observer reliability, as well as difficulty in its ability to classify all glenoid fracture patterns. Download scientific diagram | — idebergs classification, modified by goss. The proposed classification of glenoid fractures defines five basic types of fractures verified by 3D CT reconstructions and intra-operative findings. 33-1) and disruptions of the glenoid neck (Fig. CT-scanning can be very useful in Sep 9, 2021 · Based on the location and size of the fracture block, open reduction and internal fixation can be employed or assisted for shoulder arthroscopy in the treatment of glenoid fractures. in this lecture we willdemonestrate how scapular fracture is classified, what radiological parameters of scapular fracture and how to manage scapular fracture. They do not often occur in isolation and are often associated with acromial, clavicular, or other scapular fractures, as well as glenohumeral dislocation or acromioclavicular joint injury. Better understanding of this injury has resulted in greater acceptance of surgical management of highly displaced variants. These injuries, while rare, occur on a broad spectrum of severity. Accurate diagnosis of glenoid fractures relies on a combination of physical examination and advanced imaging techniques, with CT scans being the gold standard. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of modified arthroscopic-assisted treatment, and introduce our experience and surgical techniques. 2. 4–1% of all fractures. Two pairs of round buttons are connected with high-strength sutures and are tightened Throughout literature a number of glenoid classification systems have been described but lack clear correlation with the fracture patterns found in clinical cases. After referral to a center for pediatric orthopedic care Aug 21, 2015 · Ideberg et al. Fractures that occur at or medial to the glenoid face (IIB, IIC, III) demonstrate high rates of unsatisfactory results and worse clinical outcomes. Glenoid fractures are uncommon shoulder fractures but are important to recognise as they are often associated with concomitant injuries to the head, brachi Glenoid fractures of the shoulder are uncommon. May 9, 2021 · Transverse glenoid fractures with a cranial coracoglenoidal fragment (Ideberg type III) can lead to detrimental post-traumatic sequelae. A 45-degree cephalic tilt (Stryker notch) radiograph is helpful to identify coracoid fractures. Also, the mechanism of injury is related to the classification group, which supports the clinical relevance of the classification. The humeral head may subluxate inferiorly with the glenoid fragment. 1 classified glenoid fractures into 5 main types, and this classification system remains a useful means of communicating complex fracture patterns, as well as directing the approach to treatment. During the phase 1 development process, which is the Jul 11, 2020 · Video Description -Glenoid and scapular fractures are one of the rarest farctures in upper limb. It has a benign course and is usually noted incidentally. Type 1a fractures are fractures of the anterior glenoid rim and are associated with anterior shoulder dislocation in approximately two-thirds of cases. 1 Goss-Ideberg Classification for Fractures of the Glenoid Cavity [15] Type I: Fractures of the glenoid rim, further divided into Ia (anterior) and Ib (posterior). Identifying coracoid fractures can be difficult because most fractures are nondisplaced and can be missed on radiographs or may be masked by other injuries. It respects the anatomical architecture of scapula, fracture mechanism, associated injuries to the shoulder girdle and, where appropriate, the preferred surgical approach. A special glenoid guide is used from the posterior portal to reduce the fragment and to create 2 tunnels through the glenoid and through the glenoid rim fragment. Zdravkovic and Damholt 2 divided scapular fractures into three types: type 1, fracture of the body; type 2, fracture of the apophysis (acromion and coracoid); type 3, fracture of the superior lateral angle, including glenoid and neck. Oct 1, 2020 · In our case with Ideberg III glenoid fracture with acromioclavicular dislocation, superior approach was adopted during treatment of the scapula glenoid fracture and coracoclavicular ligament rupture perfectly. In order to properly assess and manage these fractures, Aug 15, 2018 · Obtain CT Chest in patients with scapular fracture following blunt chest trauma Standard for diagnosis and evaluation of the fracture and associated injuries Particularly useful in evaluation of intra-articular glenoid fractures 3D reconstruction can be helpful Mar 1, 2024 · The purpose of this article is to review the history, evolution, and current usage of glenoid classification systems. 4% to 1% of all fractures and are often associated with additional The glenoid, or socket of the shoulder joint, is a portion of the scapula bone, or shoulder blade. Traumatic glenoid injuries Nov 28, 2022 · classification of glenoid fossa fractures • Scapular fracture - Ideberg type II - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia Nicoletti D, Scapular fracture - Ideberg type II. 51 The glenoid fossa fractures are further subdivided based on the quadrant and number of fracture lines involved (Fig. The management of scapular glenoid fractures should be individualized according to fracture characteristics (type Jan 6, 2021 · Fractures of the scapula are rare and usually associated with high-energy trauma. There are no randomized controlled studies and the systematic reviews that do exist can 2. Fractures of anterior glenoid correspond to type IA in the Ideberg classification. These severe shoulder injuries are first described within a generalized classification of scapula fractures as Euler and Rüedi type E fractures [1]. Treatment of glenoid fractures, whether surgical or nonsurgical, may be challenging and have long-term implications on pain and shoulder function. Additionally, the role of imaging in glenoid classification, accuracy of different modalities, and the utility and implications of three-dimensional reconstruction and computer navigation technologies are discussed. Ideberg classification The Ideberg classification is a system of categorizing scapula fractures involving the glenoid fossa. 8 Glenoid fossa fractures (GFF) were first classified by Ideberg into 5 types. However, several fractures of glenoid fossa are managed nonoperatively, even if displaced, due to high incidence of associated injuries which may render patient unfit to undergo major orthopaedic surgery. Due to limited published scientific data, little is known about the optimal treatment strategies. Scapular fractures, although uncommon, are significant due to their association with high-energy trauma and potential life-threatening injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and interobserver agreement for fracture classifications of the glenoid, using either plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans. This case report describes non-operative management of such large, displaced anterior glenoid rim fracture with CT Etiology and Classification of Glenoid Bone Loss Glenoid bone loss in the native shoulder may be encountered in a variety of settings, including rotator cuff tear arthropathy, failed rotator cuff repairs with superior humeral head migration, osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis with rotator cuff failure, fracture sequalae, or chronic glenohumeral dislocation [9]. Comminuted intra articular glenoid fracture. Specific patterns of glenoid bone loss have been described for primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis, cuff tear arthropathy, inflammatory arthritis, and … Nov 20, 2018 · 1. Seven anteroinferior glenoid rim fractures were categorized as 1b type and 13 as 1c type, according to the Scheibel classification [10, 11]. A posterior approach was used in 16 LEARN ORTHOPEDICSIDEBERG CLASSIFICATION OF GLENOID FRACTURESCRUB May 31, 2017 · This chapter serves to describe the classification, radiographic assessment, surgical indications, surgical approaches, and surgical techniques of scapula fractures. Quantitative 3-dimensional CT analysis confirms that the current AO/OTA classification adequately characterizes and discriminates glenoid fracture patterns. 1302/2058-5241. Jan 18, 2023 · The most widely used classification for glenoid fractures is that of Ideberg, a descriptive classification which depends on the location of the fracture line (Table 66. This post covers the types of glenoid fractures, their causes, how they are diagnosed, and the various treatment options available. A simple vertical or oblique fracture, which creates an anterior or Jul 18, 2024 · Glenoid fossa fractures are rare injuries usually resulting from high-energy trauma. Furthermore, in almost 90% of patients, associated injuries are present, with clavicle and rib Oct 26, 2020 · Glenoid fractures of the shoulder are uncommon. 8 In 2013, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO)/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) International Scapula Nov 15, 2020 · Glenoid fractures are unique in which they span the fields of orthopaedic traumatology and sports medicine. Fossa fractures are The glenoid fracture classification by Ideberg (1984) and Euler (1996) is still commonly used in literature. The Ideberg classification characterizes six glenoid fracture types and is the most commonly used system to describe fractures of the glenoid fossa and rim (Table). Glenoid Fracture of the Shoulder The glenoid, or socket of the shoulder joint, is a portion of the scapula bone, or shoulder blade. Aug 4, 2023 · The glenoid fossa fractures are often associated with other injuries and are the result of blunt trauma or high-velocity sporting injuries where the humeral head forcefully abuts the glenoid fossa. Surgical treatment is indicated for displaced fractures, with May 11, 2017 · The glenoid fossa is involved in approximately 10% of all scapular fractures. Pubmed citation Ideberg III glenoid fractures are rare and difficult in treating among shoulder fractures. , 77, 78 who described five different fracture types. Introduction, Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, History and Physical, Evaluation, Treatment / Management, Differential Diagnosis, Prognosis, Complications, Postoperative and Rehabilitation Care, Deterrence and Patient Education, Pearls and Other Issues, Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes The classification of fractures of the scapula (type A: body and process fractures; type B: neck fractures; type C: glenoid fractures) is shown, and the indications for conservative and operative treatment are described, as are the surgical approaches and operative techniques. [5] There have been several glenoid fracture classifications based on the mechanism of injury, location of the fracture, and specific fracture pattern following injury. Traumatic glenoid injuries encompass a wide range of clinical severity and complexity. In this book chapter, we aim to present the most used classification systems for scapular fractures, according to Glenoid cavity fractures: Goss classsification Goss TP, J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 3:22-33, 1995 A variation on Ideberg classification, with more subdivisions for improved discussion of operative management of these injuries. Fossa fractures are mostly seen in high energy trauma patients as direct impact of the humeral head against the glenoid Sep 16, 2016 · Fractures of the glenoid process account for approximately one-third of scapular fractures and include disruptions of the glenoid cavity (the glenoid rim and the glenoid fossa; Fig. 10). This overview discusses scapular fracture patterns, their classifications, and treatment methods. However, little agreement exists on indications for surgery, and The term "scapular, or glenoid, neck" covers three different types of fractures, i. Jun 13, 2024 · The Ideberg classification is a commonly used system to describe glenoid fractures 1. The AO/OTA has classified glenoid fossa fractures based on the number of fracture lines and their location in the four quarters of the glenoid. A special glenoid guide is used from the posterior portal to reduce the fragment and to create 2 tunnels through the glenoid and through the glenoid Glenoid fossa fractures are rare injuries having a prevalence of 0. Secondarily, we tested if there was a relationship between high- vs May 16, 2019 · Glenoid fractures are uncommon injuries frequently associated with shoulder dislocation and high-energy trauma. Treatment depends on the fracture's displacement and stability. Intra-articular glenoid involvement shows extensive variability among studies, ranging from 1% to 48% of scapular fractures [3, 4]. Ideberg classification is often employed by orthopedics. Enter date of surgery (DOS) or date of injury (DOI) to calculate the number of days, weeks, months or years post op. We present a reproducible arthroscopic technique for a dislocated transverse glenoid Oct 1, 2020 · The authors describe how advanced imaging techniques are used for preoperative evaluation of the shoulder and discuss how to measure glenoid version and bone stock and classify glenoid morphology types on the basis of Walch classification, as these parameters are commonly used in surgical planning. While these injuries can often be treated nonoperatively, fractures that involve the glenoid or Case Report: We are presenting our case where a 29-year-old man presented with the left Type 3 intra-articular glenoid fracture and proximal humerus fracture. A classification of acromion and coracoid fractures has been described by Ogawa et al. was a modification of the Ideberg classification and focuses on intra-articular glenoid fractures. The avulsions and rim fractures are strongly associated with anterior shoulder dislocations. Sep 1, 2025 · The Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures is probably the most frequently used system along with the AO classification of proximal humeral fractures. Jul 5, 2014 · Conclusion: The term "scapular, or glenoid, neck" covers three different types of fractures, i. Jan 20, 2022 · Results of nonoperative treatment of ASF following RSA differs based on fracture location. The AO Scapula Classification Group introduces an appropriate novel system that is presented along with its inter-rater reliability and accuracy. The purpose of this study was to examine the new AO classification in clinical practice in comparison with the classifications by Ideberg and Euler. 1. Glenoid Anatomy, Wear, and Defects 2. A glenoid fracture is a fracture The proposed classification of glenoid fractures defines five basic types of fractures verified by 3D CT reconstructions and intra-operative findings. Classification Type I: Fracture of the glenoid rim Type IA: Anterior Type IB: Posterior Type II: Transverse fracture through the glenoid fossa with an inferior triangular fragment displaced with the humeral head Type III: Oblique fracture through the glenoid, exiting at the mid-superior border of the scapula; often associated with acromioclavicular fracture or dislocation Type IV: Horizontal Definition Intra-articular scapular fracture Epidemiology Scapular fractures 1% of all fractures Glenoid fractures 20% of scapular fractures Younger patients with high velocity injuries - MVA, fall from height Older patients with anterior shoulder dislocations Ideberg Classification Intra-Articular Fracture Jul 4, 2025 · This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of glenoid fractures, including their epidemiology, injury mechanism, anatomy and biomechanics, clinical examination, imaging methods, classifications of fractures, diagnosis and treatment options, rehabilitation, and complications. Glenoid fractures are uncommon shoulder fractures but are important to recognize as they are often associated with concomitant injuries to the head, brachial ple - Ideberg Classification - Type I- Anterior avulsion fractures - Type II- Tranverse, inferior glenoid - Type III- Tranverse, superior glenoid - ref: Arthroscopic-assisted reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation for Ideberg type III glenoid fractures: a minimum 2-year follow-up of 18 cases. Three fracture types that involve the glenoid articular segment and fossa are identified. zabmx 8myfe uqxkj9 tv al7z4 26azqbb 0ew uk6 3smhtz6s nlidyiiyo